Indonesia’s struggle to achieve complete independence from Dutch colonialism is a heroic story full of historical twists and turns. One of the important episodes in this struggle was the Dutch Military Aggression II, also known as Operation Kraai. This operation was the Dutch’s last attempt to regain control of Indonesian territory after the Proclamation of Independence on 17 August 1945.
The Second Dutch Military Aggression not only demonstrated Dutch military strength, but also demonstrated the determination of the Indonesian fighters in defending their independence. Let’s explore the background, history, impact, and various important aspects of this major event.
Background to Dutch Military Aggression II
Dutch Military Aggression II was rooted in tensions that occurred after the Linggajati Agreement in 1946. This agreement confirmed that the Netherlands recognized the Republic of Indonesia’s de facto power over Java, Sumatra and Madura, while the Republic of Indonesia recognized the Dutch’s de jure power over the entire Dutch East Indies region. However, implementation of this agreement did not go smoothly, triggering tensions between the two parties.
Linggajati Agreement
The Linggajati Agreement which was signed on March 25 1947 became the initial foundation for relations between the Netherlands and the Republic of Indonesia. In this agreement, the Netherlands and Indonesia agreed to work together to form a union state covering the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies. Unfortunately, this agreement was often violated by the Dutch, who wanted greater control over Indonesian territory.
Political Tensions
In the midst of the instability of the agreement, political tensions occurred which further exacerbated the situation. The Republic of Indonesia experienced pressure both from within the country and from the Netherlands which continued to try to expand its influence. This situation triggered various small conflicts which ultimately culminated in military aggression.
Preparation for Operation Kraai
The Netherlands prepares Operation Kraai in response to growing tensions. This operation was designed to destroy the power centers of the Republic of Indonesia and control strategic areas. On 19 December 1948, the Dutch launched a major attack, marking the start of Dutch Military Aggression II.
History of Dutch Military Aggression II
The Second Dutch Military Aggression, also known as Operation Kraai, began on 19 December 1948. This attack targeted the temporary capital of the Republic of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, as well as a number of other important areas. This operation aims to cut off communication and logistics lines for Indonesian fighters and capture Republican leaders.
Siege of Yogyakarta
At the start of the operation, Yogyakarta was the main target. The Dutch succeeded in taking control of this city quickly, arresting President Soekarno, Vice President Mohammad Hatta, and several other leaders. Despite this, many leaders and other fighters managed to escape inland to continue resistance.
Attacks Against Other Territories
Apart from Yogyakarta, the Dutch also launched attacks on various other important areas in Java and Sumatra. This attack aims to cut off communication and logistics lines for Indonesian fighters and control strategic areas. Even though the Dutch succeeded in controlling many areas, resistance from Indonesian fighters continued using guerrilla tactics.
International Pressure
This aggression immediately received attention and condemnation from the international community, especially from the UN. This international pressure played an important role in stopping Dutch military operations and forcing them to return to the negotiating table. UN intervention was a key factor leading to further negotiations between the Netherlands and the Republic of Indonesia.
The Impact of the Second Dutch Military Aggression on Indonesia
The Second Dutch Military Aggression had a very significant impact on Indonesia, both from a political, economic and social perspective. Here are some of the main impacts of such aggression:
1. Politics
Politically, this aggression strengthened the spirit of nationalism and determination to achieve full independence. Although the main leaders of the Republic of Indonesia were captured, resistance continued under the leadership of the military and other guerrillas. This aggression also galvanized international support for Indonesia’s cause, ultimately forcing the Dutch to return to the negotiating table.
2. Economy
From an economic perspective, this aggression causes damage to infrastructure and disruption to economic activity. Dutch-controlled areas experienced expropriation of important resources and assets, while areas that remained under Republican control faced economic blockades and supply shortages. However, the spirit of mutual cooperation and community resilience helped overcome these difficulties.
3. Social
The social impact of this aggression is also significant. Many families were separated due to war and displacement. However, the spirit of unity and togetherness is getting stronger, with the Indonesian people increasingly convinced of the importance of national independence and sovereignty. The heroic stories of the warriors are a source of inspiration and national pride.
The Role of the UN in the Dutch Military Aggression II
The UN played an important role in resolving this conflict. After receiving reports of military aggression, the UN immediately held an emergency session to discuss the situation in Indonesia. Following are some of the steps taken by the UN:
1. UN Resolution
The UN passed several resolutions calling for a cessation of hostilities and the withdrawal of Dutch troops from the territory they controlled. This resolution also calls for negotiations to reach a peaceful resolution of the conflict.
2. Establishment of the Three Country Commission
The UN formed the Three Country Commission (KTN) consisting of representatives from the United States, Australia and Belgium. KTN is tasked with monitoring the ceasefire and assisting the negotiation process between the Netherlands and the Republic of Indonesia. The commission plays an important role in overseeing the implementation of the ceasefire and ensuring both sides comply with the agreement.
3. Diplomatic Pressure
Diplomatic pressure from the UN and other member countries forced the Netherlands to stop military aggression and return to the negotiating table. This pressure was crucial in paving the way for a peaceful settlement and recognition of Indonesia’s sovereignty.
Military Strategy in Operation Kraai
Operation Kraai was designed as a lightning attack to destroy the center of power of the Republic of Indonesia. The following are some of the military strategies used in this operation:
1. Sudden Attack
The Dutch launched a surprise attack in the morning, with the aim of surprising and paralyzing Indonesia’s defenses. This strategy succeeded in controlling Yogyakarta in a short time and capturing the Republican leaders.
2. Control of Strategic Areas
This operation targets strategic areas such as communications centers, transportation routes and military bases. By controlling these areas, the Dutch hoped to cut off the logistics and communication routes of Indonesian fighters, and weaken their resistance.
3. Guerrilla Tactics
Even though the Dutch succeeded in controlling many areas, Indonesian fighters used guerilla tactics to fight back. They carried out continuous small attacks on Dutch troops, making Dutch military operations more difficult and expensive.
Linggajati and Renville Agreements in Indonesian History
The Linggajati and Renville Agreements played an important role in the history of Indonesia’s struggle for independence. Here is an overview of both agreements:
Linggajati Agreement
The Linggajati Agreement was signed on March 25 1947 and recognized the Republic of Indonesia’s de facto authority over Java, Sumatra and Madura. However, this agreement was often violated by the Dutch, which caused tensions which ultimately triggered the First Dutch Military Aggression in 1947.
Renville Agreement
The Renville Agreement was signed on January 17 1948 as a result of UN mediation after the Dutch Military Aggression I. This agreement forced the Republic of Indonesia to withdraw from several territories it had controlled, which caused disappointment among Indonesian fighters and worsened the political situation in the country.
Impact of Both Agreements
These two agreements, although intended to ease tensions, actually worsened the situation in Indonesia. The violation of the agreement by the Dutch and disappointment with the results of the negotiations strengthened the spirit of resistance and ultimately triggered the Second Dutch Military Aggression.
Round Table Conference Negotiation Process
After the Second Dutch Military Aggression, intense international pressure and diplomatic struggle finally led to the Round Table Conference (KMB) in The Hague at the end of 1949. The following are the important stages in this negotiation process:
1. Conference Preparation
The Round Table Conference was carefully prepared by both parties, involving various countries as mediators. This preparatory process involved intensive discussions on various important issues, including Indonesia’s political status and the future of Dutch-Indonesian relations.
2. Negotiation Process
The negotiation process at the KMB lasted for several weeks, with various issues discussed in depth. Key issues include recognition of Indonesia’s sovereignty, resolution of economic conflicts, and arrangements for the future of diplomatic and trade relations between the two countries.
3. Conference Results
The result of the KMB was the recognition of Indonesia’s sovereignty by the Netherlands on December 27 1949. This marked the end of Indonesia’s long struggle to achieve full independence. Apart from that, the KMB also produced various agreements regarding economic and political relations between the two countries.
Conclusion
The Second Dutch Military Aggression was an important chapter in the history of Indonesia’s struggle for independence. Even though it was full of challenges and suffering, this event strengthened the determination of the Indonesian people to achieve full independence. From surprise attacks to guerrilla tactics, every aspect of this aggression demonstrated the resolve of the Indonesian fighters.
The international role, especially that of the UN, was crucial in stopping aggression and facilitating negotiations that ultimately led to the recognition of Indonesian sovereignty. Diplomatic pressure and UN resolutions were the key factors that forced the Netherlands to stop military operations and return to the negotiating table.
Through long struggles and negotiations, Indonesia finally succeeded in achieving internationally recognized independence. The spirit of struggle and unity shown by Indonesian heroes is an inspiration for the next generation in building an independent and sovereign country.